In the intricate tapestry of academic pursuits, the art of thesis writing stands as a hallmark of scholarly achievement. As aspiring medical professionals navigate the challenging terrain of research and academia, the need for adept guidance and support becomes increasingly apparent. 

In this digital age, where resources abound and avenues for assistance flourish, the emergence of thesis writing services has become a beacon of hope for many. Today, we embark on a journey to unveil the nuances of crafting a medical thesis, delving into the tips and tricks that can elevate one’s scholarly endeavors from ordinary to extraordinary. 

Join us as we explore the canvas of medical thesis writing, uncovering the strategies that transform raw ideas into polished works of academic excellence.

Understanding the Palette: Key Elements of a Medical Thesis

Writing a medical thesis requires a meticulous grasp of its essential components, akin to an artist meticulously selecting the colors for their masterpiece. Each section serves a distinct purpose, contributing to the overall coherence and impact of the thesis.

First and foremost, the literature review serves as the cornerstone, laying the foundation by surveying existing research and identifying gaps in knowledge. It provides the context for the study, elucidating the significance and relevance of the research question within the broader landscape of medical inquiry. Through a comprehensive synthesis of prior studies, the literature review not only establishes the rationale for the research but also underscores its potential contributions to the field.

Following the literature review, the methodology section delineates the approach taken to address the research question, offering a roadmap for inquiry. Here, researchers meticulously detail the study design, elucidate the criteria for participant selection, outline data collection methods, and expound upon the statistical analyses employed. By transparently articulating the methods utilized, researchers enable readers to evaluate the rigor and validity of the study’s findings.

The results section serves as the stage upon which the findings of the study are presented with clarity and precision. Utilizing tables, figures, and graphs, researchers distill complex data into digestible insights, facilitating comprehension and interpretation. It is imperative that this section remains objective and factual, allowing readers to independently discern the implications of the findings without undue influence.

Subsequently, the discussion section provides a forum for interpretation and analysis, wherein researchers contextualize the significance of their findings within the broader scope of the field. Here, researchers elucidate the implications of their findings, critically evaluate the study’s limitations, and propose avenues for future research. By engaging in thoughtful discourse, researchers enrich the scholarly dialogue and propel the advancement of medical knowledge.

Ultimately, the conclusion serves as the denouement of the thesis, encapsulating key findings and offering insights gleaned from the study. In addition to summarizing the research outcomes, the conclusion reaffirms the study’s significance and leaves readers with a sense of closure and understanding. By distilling the essence of the research into a concise synthesis, researchers reinforce the enduring impact of their scholarly endeavors.

By comprehensively understanding the role of each element within the thesis, writers can adeptly structure their work to convey their message with clarity, coherence, and precision.

Brushstrokes of Clarity: Strategies for Clear and Concise Writing

In the realm of medical thesis writing, clarity is paramount. Complex ideas and technical terminology must be communicated in a manner that is accessible to a diverse audience of readers. To achieve this, writers must employ strategies that enhance clarity and conciseness in their writing.

One such strategy is to use simple and straightforward language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or overly complex terminology. By opting for clarity over complexity, writers can ensure that their ideas are easily understood by readers from various backgrounds.

Additionally, attention should be paid to the structure and organization of the writing. Clear and logical progression from one idea to the next helps readers follow the argument more effectively. This can be achieved through the use of headings, subheadings, and transitions to guide the reader through the text.

Furthermore, writers should strive for precision in their language, choosing words carefully to convey their intended meaning. Ambiguity and vagueness can lead to confusion and misinterpretation, so it is essential to be as clear and specific as possible.

By implementing these strategies, writers can create writing that is not only clear and concise but also engaging and accessible to a wide audience.

Adding Depth and Dimension: Incorporating Research and Evidence

At the heart of every medical thesis lies the research and evidence that support its claims and conclusions. From gathering data to analyzing findings, the process of incorporating research into a thesis requires careful attention to detail and rigor.

One of the first steps in this process is conducting a thorough literature review to identify relevant studies and theories related to the research question. This serves to contextualize the study within the existing body of knowledge and identify gaps that the research aims to address.

Once the literature has been reviewed, researchers can begin collecting data through various methods, such as experiments, surveys, or clinical observations. It is essential to ensure that the data collected are relevant to the research question and are gathered using appropriate methods and instruments.

Once the data have been collected, they must be analyzed using statistical techniques and other methods to draw meaningful conclusions. This may involve identifying patterns, trends, or relationships within the data and interpreting their significance in relation to the research question.

Finally, researchers must present their findings in a clear and transparent manner, providing evidence to support their claims and conclusions. This may involve using tables, figures, and graphs to present data visually and make complex information more accessible to readers.

By incorporating research and evidence into their thesis, researchers can strengthen their arguments and contribute valuable insights to the field of medicine.

Finishing Touches: Polishing Your Medical Thesis to Perfection

As the saying goes, “the devil is in the details,” and nowhere is this truer than in the realm of medical thesis writing. While the bulk of the work may be done, the final stage of polishing is essential to ensure that the thesis is of the highest quality.

One of the first steps in this process is revising and editing the thesis for clarity, coherence, and consistency. This may involve reorganizing sections, refining language, and ensuring that the writing flows smoothly from one idea to the next.

Additionally, attention should be paid to formatting and style guidelines to ensure that the thesis meets the requirements of the institution or journal. This includes formatting citations and references correctly, adhering to specific citation styles, and ensuring consistency in formatting throughout the document.

Proofreading is also crucial in this final stage, as it allows writers to catch any errors or typos that may have been overlooked during the writing process. This may involve reading the thesis multiple times, both on screen and in print, to ensure that all errors are identified and corrected.

Finally, seeking feedback from peers, mentors, and advisors can provide valuable insights and perspectives that can help improve the quality of the thesis. Constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement can help writers identify areas where the thesis can be strengthened and refined.

By paying attention to these finishing touches, writers can ensure that their medical thesis is polished to perfection, ready to make a meaningful contribution to the field of medicine.

Conclusion

In conclusion, crafting a medical thesis is indeed an art form, requiring a delicate balance of meticulous research, clear communication, and scholarly insight. By adhering to the tips and tricks outlined in this article, aspiring medical scholars can navigate the complexities of thesis writing with confidence and proficiency. 

From understanding the key elements of a thesis to incorporating research and evidence effectively, each step of the process contributes to the creation of a compelling and impactful scholarly work. As writers polish their theses to perfection, they not only contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge but also hone their skills as communicators and critical thinkers. With dedication, perseverance, and the guidance provided herein, aspiring medical scholars can unlock the secrets to crafting a medical thesis that leaves a lasting impression on the field.

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The Physical Dimension: Sculpting the Body and Elevating Health

Fueling Greatness: Nutrition as the Cornerstone

Every athlete knows that the path to greatness begins with proper nutrition. Just as a sculptor molds clay into a masterpiece, athletes craft their bodies with the nutrients they consume. A balanced diet, rich in macronutrients and micronutrients, not only fuels performance but also fortifies overall health.

Workout Wonders: Exercise’s Profound Impact

The human body is a marvel that thrives on movement. Regular exercise isn’t just a means to a chiseled physique; it’s a catalyst for improved cardiovascular health, stronger bones, and enhanced mental well-being. From cardio enthusiasts to weightlifting aficionados, exercise is the cornerstone of the athletic journey.

Rest and Recovery: The Unsung Heroes

In the pursuit of excellence, rest is too often overlooked. Yet, it’s during rest that the body repairs and strengthens itself. Quality sleep, active recovery, and mindfulness play pivotal roles in ensuring that the body is prepared for peak performance.

The Mental Edge: Harnessing Psychology for Performance and Wellness

Mind Games: The Power of Positive Thinking

The mind wields incredible influence over physical performance. Positive thinking isn’t mere fluff; it’s a potent tool that can enhance resilience, boost confidence, and improve focus. Enthusiasts of online sports betting in Singapore know all too well that by harnessing the power of positive thinking, athletes create the conditions for triumph.

Stress Less, Perform More: Managing Mental Strain

Athletes often face high-pressure situations. Managing stress isn’t about eliminating it entirely but rather channeling its energy productively. Techniques like mindfulness and visualization empower athletes to navigate challenges while maintaining mental equilibrium.

Flow State: Where Focus and Fulfillment Converge

The elusive “flow state” is a psychological phenomenon where time seems to disappear, and every action unfolds effortlessly. Achieving this state requires the perfect balance of skill and challenge, resulting in unparalleled performance and a profound sense of fulfillment.

The Social Connection: Community, Support, and Holistic Health

Strength in Numbers: The Role of Like-Minded Communities

Embarking on the journey of athletic excellence is far from solitary. Communities of like-minded individuals provide support, motivation, and a shared understanding of the challenges faced. These communities become a second family, driving members toward their goals.

The Support Network: Friends, Coaches, and Family

Behind every athlete’s success story is a web of support. Friends, coaches, and family members offer encouragement, guidance, and a safety net during times of struggle. Their unwavering presence can make all the difference in an athlete’s journey.

Empathy and Growth: Nurturing Relationships Beyond Fitness

Athletic excellence doesn’t exist in a vacuum. Nurturing meaningful relationships beyond the realm of sports cultivates empathy, humility, and personal growth. The lessons learned from these connections extend far beyond the field of play.

Striking the Balance: Time Management and Lifestyle

Time’s Preciousness: Juggling Commitments

Balancing athletic pursuits with other life commitments requires adept time management. Athletes who master this skill not only excel in sports but also maintain a well-rounded life that contributes to their overall well-being.

Holistic Living: Incorporating Health into Daily Life

Wellness transcends the gym. Athletes who make conscious choices in their daily lives, such as opting for stairs over elevators or preparing nutrient-dense meals, weave health into the very fabric of their existence.

The Myth of Perfection: Embracing Imperfections

The quest for excellence can sometimes morph into an unattainable quest for perfection. Yet, embracing imperfections and viewing setbacks as stepping stones to growth fosters resilience and self-compassion.

Fueling Passion: Finding Purpose and Motivation

Defining Passion: The Driving Force

Passion ignites the flame of motivation. Athletes who are deeply passionate about their pursuits are more likely to stay committed, push their boundaries, and remain engaged in their journey.

Goal-Setting: Turning Dreams into Reality

Setting clear, achievable goals is the compass that guides an athlete’s journey. Goals provide direction, purpose, and a sense of accomplishment, spurring athletes to persevere even when the going gets tough.

Resilience and Grit: Weathering the Storms

Resilience and grit are the backbone of any athlete’s success story. They allow individuals to navigate setbacks, learn from failures, and emerge stronger and more determined than before.

The Science Behind It: The Neurobiology of Well-Being and Performance

Neurotransmitters and Achievement: The Connection

The brain’s neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in both well-being and athletic performance. Understanding how these chemicals influence motivation, mood, and cognition empowers athletes to optimize their training routines.

Neuroplasticity: Rewiring the Brain for Success

The brain’s ability to adapt and rewire itself, known as neuroplasticity, is a testament to its incredible potential. Athletes can leverage this phenomenon to enhance skills, break bad habits, and cultivate resilience.

Mind-Body Unity: How Brain Health Affects Athletic Prowess

The mind-body connection isn’t just a philosophical concept; it’s rooted in science. A healthy brain translates to improved physical performance, while physical activity contributes to cognitive health. This symbiotic relationship forms the bedrock of holistic well-being.

Overcoming Challenges: Injuries, Plateaus, and Setbacks

Rising from the Ashes: Dealing with Injuries

Injuries are an inevitable part of an athlete’s journey. The key lies in how one copes and recovers. The mental and physical strategies employed during these trying times shape an athlete’s ability to bounce back stronger.

Breaking Barriers: Confronting Plateaus

Plateaus are frustrating but common occurrences in athletic pursuits. They serve as opportunities to reassess training methods, set new goals, and rediscover the passion that drove the journey in the first place.

Bouncing Back: Resilience in the Face of Setbacks

Setbacks, whether in the form of a defeat or missed opportunity, test an athlete’s resilience. Viewing these setbacks as temporary roadblocks rather than insurmountable barriers empowers athletes to forge ahead.

Cultivating Longevity: Sustaining Health and Excellence Over Time

The Marathon Mindset: Consistency in Training

Consistency trumps intensity when it comes to long-term success. Athletes who adopt a marathon mindset, prioritizing steady progress over rapid gains, build a foundation of sustainable excellence.

Aging Gracefully: Adapting Fitness Routines

As athletes age, the body undergoes changes that demand adjustments to training routines. Embracing age-specific modifications allows individuals to continue excelling while safeguarding against injuries.

Lifelong Learner: Embracing Knowledge to Evolve

The pursuit of knowledge is as crucial as the pursuit of physical prowess. Athletes who remain open to learning, whether about new training techniques or the latest nutritional insights, position themselves for continual growth.

The Mind-Body Connection: Exploring Eastern Practices for Western Success

Yoga and Meditation: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Performance

The ancient practices of yoga and meditation offer holistic benefits to athletes. These techniques enhance flexibility, mental focus, and overall well-being, bridging the gap between Eastern wisdom and Western excellence.

Qi Gong and Tai Chi: Balancing Energy for Optimal Living

Qi Gong and Tai Chi are time-honored practices that harmonize mind and body, fostering a state of balance and vitality. Incorporating these practices into an athletic routine can optimize performance and well-being.

Holistic Health: Blending Traditional and Contemporary Approaches

Modern athletes are embracing the best of both worlds by integrating traditional Eastern practices with cutting-edge Western techniques. This fusion allows for a holistic approach that addresses all dimensions of health and excellence.

Celebrating Diversity: Inclusivity and Body Positivity in Athletics

Breaking Stereotypes: All Bodies Are Athletic Bodies

Athleticism transcends body type, shape, and size. Breaking free from the confines of conventional beauty standards encourages inclusivity and opens doors for individuals of all backgrounds to partake in the joys of sport.

Embracing Diversity: Inclusivity in Sports

Diverse representation in sports enriches the playing field. By fostering environments that celebrate different cultures, genders, and abilities, the sports community becomes a tapestry of inspiration and unity.

Empowerment Through Movement: The Body Positivity Movement

The body positivity movement encourages individuals to love and care for their bodies, regardless of societal norms. Athletes who embrace this movement find newfound confidence, resilience, and a sense of empowerment.

In the Zone: Flow States and Peak Performance

The Flow Phenomenon: Unleashing Ultimate Performance

The “flow state” is the epitome of peak performance. Athletes who experience this state enter a realm of heightened focus, creativity, and enjoyment, allowing them to reach levels of excellence previously unattainable.

Getting into the Zone: How to Cultivate Flow

While the flow state may seem elusive, it can be cultivated with intention. Techniques such as setting clear goals, eliminating distractions, and immersing oneself in the present moment facilitate the onset of flow.

Savoring the Moment: Flow States and Mindful Awareness

The flow state isn’t just about performance; it’s about the experience itself. Athletes who savor the present moment, appreciating the journey rather than fixating solely on the destination, unlock a deeper level of satisfaction.

A Holistic Approach to Nutrition: Nourishing the Body for Success

Food as Fuel: The Intersection of Taste and Health

Nutrition isn’t just about sustenance; it’s about relishing the experience of eating. By prioritizing nutrient-dense foods that also tantalize the taste buds, athletes forge a symbiotic relationship between nourishment and pleasure.

Balancing Act: Macro and Micro-nutrients for Athletes

The balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) is a science that fuels athletic performance. Understanding this balance empowers athletes to optimize energy levels and recovery.

Mindful Eating: Enhancing the Gastronomic Experience

Mindful eating transforms meals into mindful moments. By engaging all senses, savoring each bite, and being attuned to hunger and fullness cues, athletes can foster a healthier relationship with food and enhance digestion.

The Ripple Effect: Spreading Well-Being Beyond the Self

Inspiring Others: Leading by Example

Athletes who embody the principles of excellence and well-being become beacons of inspiration for others. Their actions demonstrate that health and achievement are attainable, motivating those around them to embark on similar journeys.

The Ripple Effect: How Your Journey Touches Others

The impact of an athlete’s journey extends far beyond personal gains. Friends, family, and even acquaintances can be inspired to adopt healthier habits and pursue their own passions, creating a ripple effect of positive change.

Catalysts for Change: Becoming Agents of Well-Being

By embracing the synergy of athletic excellence and well-being, athletes transform into catalysts for a healthier world. Their commitment to self-improvement and holistic health paves the way for societal change and a brighter future.

Conclusion

The journey towards athletic excellence and well-being is not a linear path but a tapestry woven from various dimensions of life. From the physical realm to the mental landscape, the pursuit of greatness is intertwined with the pursuit of health. As we navigate the exhilarating journey of pushing our limits and nourishing our well-being, we discover that these two aspects are not disparate pursuits but rather two halves of a whole. In the beautiful harmony of athletic excellence and well-being, we find a roadmap to a life that is rich in purpose, fulfillment, and vibrant health.

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In this blog, we will pay attention to how stress affects our relationships. The recent years have been quite stressful for many people around the world, so below you may find some nice tips for understanding you and your partner. 

How does chronic stress affect us and our relationships?

Though we all consider stress a normal part of our lives, chronic stress can be very harmful to our relationships. It can lead to negative physical and emotional effects and, in the end, make us treat our partners in an incorrect way. 

In particular, chronic stress can cause:

• Decreased sexual desire. Stress can bring down your libido and sexual desire. As a result, there will be less physical intimacy in the couple and satisfaction with the relationship will go down.
• More conflicts. People under stress are easier to annoy and irritate, they are more negative and critical. Even if in the beginning the partner can do their best to understand and support the stressed partner, in the end, the constant flow of criticism starts to destroy the feeling of love, and conflicts arise.
• Communication problems. Chronic stress can make a person more closed and less eager to talk. Partners will start to connect less emotionally and feel isolated and detached. Less communication and emotional intimacy between partners will in its turn lead to misunderstandings, mutual blaming, and even the termination of the relationship.
• Health issues. Stress causes tension in the body and in the end leads to health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and depression. Health issues create even more challenges for the relationship. 
• Decreased emotional connection. Chronic stress can make it difficult for partners to connect emotionally, leading to feelings of isolation and detachment in the relationship.

Is there any real evidence about this harmful effect of stress?

Every year, there is a lot of research and talks about stress. For example, its influence on relationships was studied and published in the Journal of Marriage and Family. The study found that financial stress is one of the main factors of conflicts in families. According to the study, many couples that experience chronic financial stress have higher levels of marital distress and want to divorce. 

The journal Personal Relationships published a study, according to which stress negatively influences relationship satisfaction and physical intimacy between love partners. Couples who have higher levels of stress often at the same time have lower levels of sexual desire and satisfaction.

One more study published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research found that chronic stress was often the reason for inflammation in the body. In the end, chronic stress was reported to lead to a variety of health problems, such as heart disease and depression.

How to overcome stress to save a relationship? 

If stress is so dangerous for a relationship yet inevitable in our lives, are there any things that couples can do to save their relationship? Yes, and learning to manage stress is the prerequisite for having a long-term and healthy relationship. Below we suggest some helpful tips for couples who want to overcome stress and strengthen their relationship:

• Learn to communicate openly. Being open and honest is important in managing stress, supporting each other, and keeping a strong relationship. You should be ready to share your feelings with your partner and openly express your needs and doubts. Open communication also implies learning to listen and understand another person.
• Learn to care about yourself. Though self-care may seem like egoistic advice when we speak about helping your partner to manage stress, in reality, it is a powerful tool to support a relationship. When you take time to care about yourself, you feel more relaxed and have enough energy to support your partner. If you feel out of energy, try practicing exercises, meditation, or reading.
• Take time for physical intimacy. Physical intimacy is important in any healthy relationship. It helps us produce more oxytocin (read about it in our previous article) and relieve stress. However busy you are, regularly hug and kiss your partner. 
• Develop healthy coping strategies. Healthy coping strategies include all the positive ways of getting rid of your stress, including exercise, meditation, and deep breathing. Avoid negative habits, such as alcohol or drug use. They never help, instead, in the long run, they make everything worse.
• Find a professional to help you. If stress causes significant problems in your relationship, if you are thinking about divorce, try going to a professional psychologist before it gets too late. The task of a therapist is not to solve your problem instead of you, but to give you effective communication and coping strategies that you can use in your daily life.
• Allocate some time for fun and leisure. Funny and enjoyable activities together are required to reduce the level of stress. Pleasure and happiness reduce your anxiety and help you strengthen your bonds with other people. If you feel bored, try new hobbies or activities together with your partner. Spend time together by doing things you both enjoy.

Managing stress is an ongoing process that requires commitment and effort from both partners. Try these strategies and learn to be more loyal and less critical of each other. In the end, this is the only way to maintain a strong and long-lasting relationship.

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What happens in your brain when you fall in love?

When we fall in love, our brains go through a range of changes. Studies show that in the early stages of romantic attraction, the brain releases more dopamine, which makes us feel euphoric and energized. 

• Dopamine is the hormone responsible for pleasure and reward. Every time you feel pleasure, say, you get a bouquet of flowers, hug your loved one, or receive a compliment, dopamine is released in your brain. Spending time with our partners causes a raise in dopamine levels, which makes us feel good when we are in love. 
• Oxytocin, another “love hormone,” is associated with feelings of attachment and bonding. Physical touch, hugging, and kissing cause the release of oxytocin and make us feel closer to our partner. Naturally, the levels of oxytocin go higher when a person is in a relationship. 
• And one more neurotransmitter involved in the process of romance and love is serotonin. Serotonin is often associated with mood and anxiety. At the same time, when you feel attracted to someone, your body releases adrenaline which you often feel as “butterflies in your stomach”. The role of serotonin is very strong at the beginning of the relationship. In fact, this is the very secret agent that makes us suffer from obsessive thinking and a decreased appetite.
• You will be surprised, but one more hormone involved in the love process is testosterone. Testosterone is often associated with aggression and moving forward. However, testosterone is also responsible for sexual desire and naturally goes higher in both men and women when they feel romantic attraction. 
• And one more not obvious hormone that contributes to our feeling of love is cortisol. Cortisol is usually associated with stress, however, it also goes higher at the beginning of our relationship. On the one hand, this fact proves that we experience stress at the beginning of relationships, and on the other hand, cortisol lets us focus on our partner. 

How do medical conditions impact love?

The overall health of the body also influences how we fall in love. As we discovered above, romance and love depend a lot on body chemistry. Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, can have a significant effect on our love feelings. 

• Depression causes a drop in dopamine and serotonin levels, the hormones necessary for feeling pleasure and connection to other people. Depression can make it difficult to experience pleasure in romantic relationships. For depressed people, it is harder to feel love inside, show it and accept the love of another person. All this makes it difficult for people with depression to start a relationship. However, having a supportive partner and a strong relationship before depression can become a powerful way of fighting this medical condition. Partners who offer emotional support, help with daily tasks and encourage seeking professional help usually play a significant role in healing their loved ones from depression.
• Anxiety also brings down the level of oxytocin, which can make it harder to form attachments and feel connected to others. This also means that anxiety makes it harder to maintain romantic relationships. Such people are so afraid of rejection that they can break up after a slight quarrel just because they are too scared of being rejected. Usually, they have difficulties trusting others and find it hard to support social interactions. Still, a good and healthy relationship can help mitigate the symptoms of anxiety. Feeling loved and supported increases the feelings of safety and security and, in the end, puts down the level of anxiety as well. 

How does love rejection affect our brains?

Just like falling in love, being rejected also influences our emotional and physical state. Rejection leads to the release of cortisol and norepinephrine, the substances usually associated with stress and anxiety. Sometimes, the brain may also start to release less dopamine and serotonin, which will make a person feel sad or even depressed.

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AbioCor Artificial Heart
In July 2001, a group of surgeons from Louisville (Kentucky) succeeded in implanting a new generation artificial heart into a patient. The device, called AbioCor, was implanted into a man who was suffering from heart failure. The artificial heart was developed by Abiomed, Inc. Although similar devices have been used before, the AbioCor is the most advanced of its kind.

In previous versions, the patient had to be attached to a huge console via tubes and wires that were implanted through his skin. This meant that the person remained confined to a bed. The AbioCor, on the other hand, exists completely autonomously inside the human body and does not need additional tubes or wiring that go outside.

Bioartificial liver
Dr. Kenneth Matsumura came up with the idea of creating a bio-artificial liver and decided to take a new approach to the question. He created a device that uses liver cells harvested from animals. The device is considered bio-artificial because it consists of biological and artificial material. In 2001, the bio-artificial liver was named Invention of the Year by TIME magazine.

A pill with a camera
With the help of such a pill it is possible to diagnose cancer in its earliest stages. The device was created with the purpose of obtaining high-quality color images in limited spaces. The camera pill can capture signs of esophageal cancer, its size is approximately the width of an adult’s fingernail and twice its length.

The iLIMB Bionic Arm
Created by David Gow in 2007, the bionic arm iLIMB was the world’s first artificial limb that features five individually mechanized fingers. Users of the device will be able to take objects of different shapes in their hand, such as cup handles. iLIMB consists of 3 separate parts: 4 fingers, a thumb and a palm. Each part contains its own control system.

Robotic assistants during surgeries
Surgeons have been using robotic arms for some time, but now there is a robot that can operate on its own. A group of scientists from Duke University has already tested the robot. They used it on a dead turkey (because turkey meat has a similar structure to human meat). The robot’s success rate is estimated at 93%. Of course, it is too early to talk about autonomous robotic surgeons, but this invention is a serious step in that direction.

A mind-reading device
“Mind reading” is a term used by psychologists that implies subconscious detection and analysis of non-verbal signals, such as facial expressions or head movements. These signals help people understand each other’s emotional state. The invention is the brainchild of three scientists from the MIT Media Lab. A mind-reading machine scans the user’s brain signals and alerts those with whom they are communicating. The device can be used to work with autistic people.

Elekta Axesse
Elekta Axesse is an advanced cancer fighting device. It was created to treat tumors all over the body – in the spine, lungs, prostate, liver and many others. Elekta Axesse combines several functionalities. The device can perform stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic radiotherapy, and radiosurgery. During treatment doctors are able to observe 3D-image of the area to be treated.

The eLEGS Exoskeleton
The eLEGS exoskeleton is one of the most impressive inventions of the 21st century. It is easy to use, and patients can wear it not only in the hospital, but also at home. The device allows standing, walking, and even climbing stairs. The exoskeleton is suitable for people from 157 cm to 193 cm tall and weighing up to 100 kg.

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But there are still a number of myths about antidepressants (even within the medical community). Let’s sort it out together.

Antidepressants are ineffective
Ineffectiveness is one of the most common myths about antidepressants. It is based on the fact that there are still gaps in the pathophysiology and mechanism of action of depression medications. Some researchers believe that the therapeutic activity of antidepressants is the result of side effects that increase patient expectations. A large-scale review of 15 studies involving more than 3,300 patients has dotted the i’s. Its results showed that participants without early adverse events who received citalopram or paroxetine had significantly greater relief of depression symptoms, as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale, than those who received placebo.

Impaired serotonin metabolism has nothing to do with the pathogenesis of depression, so selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are not pathogenic medications for its treatment
Some experts have long believed that the hypothesis about the effects of serotonin and its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan on depression is nothing more than a tool for the pharmaceutical industry to promote a simplified biological model of this pathology and to stimulate the market for SSRIs. However, there is now evidence that decreased levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the brain can cause acute relapses in depressed patients.

Antidepressants only work while the patient is taking them, and the risk of depression relapse is not reduced once the course is completed
Studies with adult patients have shown that taking antidepressants, particularly tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs, and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can reduce the risk of relapse, although not completely prevent it. For example, relapse within 1 to 2 years occurred in 50% of patients receiving placebo and only 23% of those taking antidepressants. The results of a major review of 31 studies involving 4,410 patients showed that the effects of antidepressant treatment appear to persist for up to 36 months.

TCAs are practically never used in modern practice
The use of TCA began as early as 1959. With the advent of safer drugs, particularly SSRIs and SSRIsN, the demand for TCAs as antidepressants has actually declined. Today, SSRIs are the first-line treatment for depressive and several other psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, TCAs remain relevant as therapy and prophylaxis for a number of other conditions.

Antidepressants are strictly contraindicated in pregnancy
The negative attitude toward prescribing antidepressants during pregnancy is related to TCAs, which appeared on the market around the time of the “thalidomide tragedy.” At that time, between 8,000 and 12,000 babies were born with malformations because of mothers’ use of thalidomide as a sleeping aid. However, with the advent of SSRIs, which have a favorable safety profile, the situation has changed.

SSRIs are similar in mechanism of action to TCAs
Indeed, SSRIs, like TCAs, inhibit the reuptake of the two leading neurotransmitters, noradrenaline and serotonin, by presynaptic neuronal terminations, causing monoamines to accumulate in the synaptic gap and enhancing postsynaptic impulsation.

Antidepressants may exhibit cardiotoxic effects
Prescription of antidepressants not only improves mental well-being, but also contributes to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. For example, the drugs of this group reduce the likelihood of recurrent cerebral ischemia in patients who have had a stroke, and repeated myocardial infarction. In addition, antidepressants appear to improve the survival of patients in the postinfarction period.

All antidepressants adversely affect sexual function
Several mechanisms may underlie sexual dysfunction during antidepressant use. First of all, it is sedation, which decreases libido, reduction of dopamine level, peripheral influence of neurotransmitters, which disturbs the balance of adrenergic and cholinergic system. Hormonal effects also play a role, in particular an increase in prolactin levels due to an increase in serotonin, as well as enzymatic effects such as induction of hepatic metabolism of testosterone, blocking nitric acid synthesis. In addition, depression itself can be a cause of erectile dysfunction.

SSRIs are active in drug interactions
Indeed, SSRIs inhibit enzymes of the CYP cytochrome system, which is associated with pharmacokinetic drug interactions. However, different drugs in this group differ significantly in their ability to inhibit individual CYPs. Thus, fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 isoenzyme and can increase plasma concentrations and side effects of drugs that are primarily metabolized by this isoenzyme (eg, beta-blockers – carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol, etc.). On the other hand, citalopram and escitalopram are weak CYP2D6 inhibitors and are less likely to have drug interactions.

A combination of SSRIs and SSRIs is inappropriate because the drugs in these groups exhibit similar pharmacological effects
According to the data available today, combinations of SSRIs and SSRIs may in fact be promising. Moreover, their components can enhance the action of each other. For example, synergism of venlafaxine and sertraline is established. It is explained by a simultaneous strengthening of influences on three key monoaminergic systems: serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic. By enhancing the impaired monoaminergic neurotransmission in depression, the combination of SSRI sertraline and SSRI venlafaxine levels out most of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, pharmacological synergism allows for lower doses of venlafaxine and sertraline in combination, which minimizes the side effects and toxic risks of each drug.

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The interaction may be at the level of pharmacodynamics. For example, alcohol combined with a number of drugs can mutually increase the effect on CNS. Pharmacokinetic interaction may occur at the stage of absorption. For example, low-alcohol beverages may accelerate medication penetration into the blood, resulting in a sharp increase in concentrations of the latter can manifest as symptoms of overdose. This is possible when the interval between the intake of alcohol and the pill is small.

Alcohol can alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs by interfering with their metabolism, which occurs with the participation of the cytochrome P450 system.

When the concentration of ethanol in the blood reaches more than 1% (150 ml of vodka drunk), cytochrome system enzymes are involved in ethanol utilization. This means that the load on the enzymes increases and the elimination time of harmful substances, which the body considers to be both drugs and alcohol, increases. This leads to a longer effect of both drugs and alcohol on the body.

On the other hand, alcohol itself affects the P450 system. And the nature of the effect depends on the dose of alcohol and the body’s tolerance to alcohol. Alcoholic drink drunk by a non-drinker in a large dose inhibits functioning of all cytochrome enzymes. This means that the elimination period of the drug is longer, and its pharmacological effects and side effects are intensified. Regular consumption of alcohol in small and medium doses increases cytochrome P450 system activity. The opposite process occurs. The medication is metabolized faster and loses its effect.

In addition to the dose and the nature of alcohol consumption, other circumstances influence how alcohol behaves together with the medication in the body:

What kind of medication the patient is taking and its dose
strength of the drink, its type, and time of ingestion
overall condition of the patient, the severity of the illness
individual characteristics of body chemistry
gender, age, weight, comorbidities and others.

It is difficult to predict in advance the consequences of combining a drug with alcohol, since targeted studies involving people on this issue are not conducted, and too many factors play a role. However, certain combinations of drugs with alcohol are known to have clinically significant adverse effects that are definitely worth avoiding.

A number of medications inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase, which neutralizes the toxic breakdown product of alcohol, acetaldehyde. Accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body is expressed by symptoms of fever, shortness of breath, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, general malaise, increased sweating, tremors, chest pain, heaviness in the head, a feeling of fear for life, and blood pressure may drop.

Alcohol and drugs used in cardiology

Ethanol is able to interact with many cardiology drugs, namely antianginal, antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, cardiotonics. In almost all cases, the combination of alcohol and drugs of these pharmacological groups will lead to adverse effects, whether it is a change in pharmacological efficacy, the manifestation of adverse reactions or toxic effects.

Alcohol and agents affecting blood clotting
Ethanol in combination with indirect oral anticoagulants (syncoumar, warfarin) may both decrease and increase their effect. Reaction to alcohol intake is individual and depends on the dose, the nature of alcohol consumption, and the state of the liver. It is possible to neutralize the effect (in the form of thrombosis), and its enhancement (in the form of badly stopped serious bleeding in injuries, surgeries). In combination with acetylsalicylic acid, a dose-dependent potentiation of its antiaggregant effect by ethanol has been established.

Alcohol and hypoglycemic agents
Alcohol has an adverse effect in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Ethanol, when entering the body, first causes an increase in glucose levels, and then a fall. Fluctuations in blood glucose concentration adversely affect the patient’s condition, and also invert the picture at control measurements. When drinking alcohol during treatment with antidiabetic drugs, especially sulfonylurea derivatives (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride), the risk of hypoglycemia increases. In turn, sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents slow down alcohol metabolism. Sucrose-lowering effect of insulin can be both enhanced and weakened by alcohol. Patients taking metformin are at increased risk of lactoacidosis with chronic use of alcoholic beverages.

Alcohol and drugs affecting the CNS
Opioid analgesics (fentanyl, promedol, tramadol, buprenorphine, as well as codeine, a component of combined analgesics and anti-cough drugs), neuroleptics (aminazin etc.), tranquilizers (especially benzodiazepines), sleeping pills (barbiturates) have a depressing effect on the CNS. Alcohol increases sedation, may cause impairment of memory, coordination, loss of consciousness, and depression of the respiratory center.

First generation antiallergic drugs (dimedrol, tavegil, suprastin, ketotifen, diazolin, pipolfen) with alcohol exhibit sedative properties more pronounced. Headache, drowsiness, lethargy, lethargy, loss of consciousness may occur.

Administration of alcohol and antidepressant monoamine oxidase inhibitors (nialamide, iproniazide) can lead to “tyramine syndrome”, which is expressed by increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, increased BP with a risk of hypertensive crisis.

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